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Central Mosque

  • 1 central

    central ['sentrəl]
    (a) (in location) central;
    ∎ central Miami le centre de Miami;
    ∎ the office is very central (in town) le bureau est situé en plein centre
    (b) (in importance) central;
    ∎ the central character le personnage central;
    ∎ central to the debate is the question of safety la question de la sécurité se situe au cœur du débat;
    ∎ of central importance d'une importance capitale;
    ∎ this concept is central to his theory ce concept est au centre de sa théorie
    2 noun
    American old-fashioned central m téléphonique
    ►► Banking central account compte m centralisateur;
    1 noun
    Centrafricain(e) m,f
    centrafricain;
    the Central African Republic la République centrafricaine;
    ∎ in the Central African Republic en République centrafricaine;
    Central America Amérique f centrale;
    ∎ in Central America en Amérique centrale; Central American
    1 noun
    Centraméricain(e) m,f
    centraméricain;
    Geography Central Asia Asie f centrale;
    ∎ in Central Asia en Asie centrale;
    central bank banque f centrale;
    British Central Belt = région d'Écosse qui s'étend de Glasgow à Édimbourg;
    Central Criminal Court = cour d'assises du Grand Londres située dans Old Bailey;
    Central Daylight Time heure f d'été du centre des États-Unis;
    Central Europe Europe f centrale; Central European
    1 noun
    habitant(e) m,f de l'Europe centrale
    d'Europe centrale;
    Central European Time heure f de l'Europe centrale;
    central government gouvernement m central;
    central heating chauffage m central;
    American Central Intelligence Agency CIA f;
    Medicine central line veine f centrale;
    Cars central locking verrouillage m central;
    Central Mosque = principal lieu de culte musulman en Grande-Bretagne (à Londres);
    Anatomy central nervous system système m nerveux central;
    British Politics Central Office = siège du parti conservateur britannique;
    Administration Central Office of Information = organisme chargé d'organiser les campagnes d'information du gouvernement britannique;
    Central Park Central Park m;
    Computing central processing unit unité f centrale (de traitement), processeur m central;
    central purchasing achats mpl centralisés;
    Central Region le Centre, = région du centre de l'Écosse;
    ∎ in Central Region dans le Centre;
    British central reservation (with grass) terre-plein m central, Belgian & Swiss berme f centrale; (with barrier) bande f médiane;
    American Banking & Stock Exchange Central Securities Depository dépositaire m national de titres;
    Central Standard Time heure f d'hiver du centre des États-Unis

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > central

  • 2 Catholic church

       The Catholic Church and the Catholic religion together represent the oldest and most enduring of all Portuguese institutions. Because its origins as an institution go back at least to the middle of the third century, if not earlier, the Christian and later the Catholic Church is much older than any other Portuguese institution or major cultural influence, including the monarchy (lasting 770 years) or Islam (540 years). Indeed, it is older than Portugal (869 years) itself. The Church, despite its changing doctrine and form, dates to the period when Roman Lusitania was Christianized.
       In its earlier period, the Church played an important role in the creation of an independent Portuguese monarchy, as well as in the colonization and settlement of various regions of the shifting Christian-Muslim frontier as it moved south. Until the rise of absolutist monarchy and central government, the Church dominated all public and private life and provided the only education available, along with the only hospitals and charity institutions. During the Middle Ages and the early stage of the overseas empire, the Church accumulated a great deal of wealth. One historian suggests that, by 1700, one-third of the land in Portugal was owned by the Church. Besides land, Catholic institutions possessed a large number of chapels, churches and cathedrals, capital, and other property.
       Extensive periods of Portuguese history witnessed either conflict or cooperation between the Church as the monarchy increasingly sought to gain direct control of the realm. The monarchy challenged the great power and wealth of the Church, especially after the acquisition of the first overseas empire (1415-1580). When King João III requested the pope to allow Portugal to establish the Inquisition (Holy Office) in the country and the request was finally granted in 1531, royal power, more than religion was the chief concern. The Inquisition acted as a judicial arm of the Catholic Church in order to root out heresies, primarily Judaism and Islam, and later Protestantism. But the Inquisition became an instrument used by the crown to strengthen its power and jurisdiction.
       The Church's power and prestige in governance came under direct attack for the first time under the Marquis of Pombal (1750-77) when, as the king's prime minister, he placed regalism above the Church's interests. In 1759, the Jesuits were expelled from Portugal, although they were allowed to return after Pombal left office. Pombal also harnessed the Inquisition and put in place other anticlerical measures. With the rise of liberalism and the efforts to secularize Portugal after 1820, considerable Church-state conflict occurred. The new liberal state weakened the power and position of the Church in various ways: in 1834, all religious orders were suppressed and their property confiscated both in Portugal and in the empire and, in the 1830s and 1840s, agrarian reform programs confiscated and sold large portions of Church lands. By the 1850s, Church-state relations had improved, various religious orders were allowed to return, and the Church's influence was largely restored. By the late 19th century, Church and state were closely allied again. Church roles in all levels of education were pervasive, and there was a popular Catholic revival under way.
       With the rise of republicanism and the early years of the First Republic, especially from 1910 to 1917, Church-state relations reached a new low. A major tenet of republicanism was anticlericalism and the belief that the Church was as much to blame as the monarchy for the backwardness of Portuguese society. The provisional republican government's 1911 Law of Separation decreed the secularization of public life on a scale unknown in Portugal. Among the new measures that Catholics and the Church opposed were legalization of divorce, appropriation of all Church property by the state, abolition of religious oaths for various posts, suppression of the theology school at Coimbra University, abolition of saints' days as public holidays, abolition of nunneries and expulsion of the Jesuits, closing of seminaries, secularization of all public education, and banning of religious courses in schools.
       After considerable civil strife over the religious question under the republic, President Sidónio Pais restored normal relations with the Holy See and made concessions to the Portuguese Church. Encouraged by the apparitions at Fátima between May and October 1917, which caused a great sensation among the rural people, a strong Catholic reaction to anticlericalism ensued. Backed by various new Catholic organizations such as the "Catholic Youth" and the Academic Center of Christian Democracy (CADC), the Catholic revival influenced government and politics under the Estado Novo. Prime Minister Antônio de Oliveira Salazar was not only a devout Catholic and member of the CADC, but his formative years included nine years in the Viseu Catholic Seminary preparing to be a priest. Under the Estado Novo, Church-state relations greatly improved, and Catholic interests were protected. On the other hand, Salazar's no-risk statism never went so far as to restore to the Church all that had been lost in the 1911 Law of Separation. Most Church property was never returned from state ownership and, while the Church played an important role in public education to 1974, it never recovered the influence in education it had enjoyed before 1911.
       Today, the majority of Portuguese proclaim themselves Catholic, and the enduring nature of the Church as an institution seems apparent everywhere in the country. But there is no longer a monolithic Catholic faith; there is growing diversity of religious choice in the population, which includes an increasing number of Protestant Portuguese as well as a small but growing number of Muslims from the former Portuguese empire. The Muslim community of greater Lisbon erected a Mosque which, ironically, is located near the Spanish Embassy. In the 1990s, Portugal's Catholic Church as an institution appeared to be experiencing a revival of influence. While Church attendance remained low, several Church institutions retained an importance in society that went beyond the walls of the thousands of churches: a popular, flourishing Catholic University; Radio Re-nascenca, the country's most listened to radio station; and a new private television channel owned by the Church. At an international conference in Lisbon in September 2000, the Cardinal Patriarch of Portugal, Dom José Policarpo, formally apologized to the Jewish community of Portugal for the actions of the Inquisition. At the deliberately selected location, the place where that religious institution once held its hearings and trials, Dom Policarpo read a declaration of Catholic guilt and repentance and symbolically embraced three rabbis, apologizing for acts of violence, pressures to convert, suspicions, and denunciation.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Catholic church

См. также в других словарях:

  • Central Mosque — Central Mosque, the the main Muslim place of worship in Britain, in Regents Park, London …   Dictionary of contemporary English

  • Central Mosque of Lisbon — Lisbon Mosque Basic information Location Lisbon, Portugal Affiliation Islam …   Wikipedia

  • North London Central Mosque — Location Finsbury Park, London  United Kingdom …   Wikipedia

  • Manchester Central Mosque — and Islamic Cultural Centre (also known as “Victoria Park Mosque”) is a mosque in Manchester, England. Sometimes referred to[ …   Wikipedia

  • London Central Mosque — Infobox religious building caption=View of Mosque from Regent s Park. building name= London Central Mosque location=Westminster, London UK geo=coord|51|31|45|N|0|09|55|W|region:GB type:landmark religious affiliation=Islam website=… …   Wikipedia

  • Birmingham Central Mosque — Infobox religious building caption=Birmingham Central Mosque building name=Birmingham Central Mosque location=Highgate, Birmingham UK geo=coord|52|27|52.48|N|1|53|26.12|W|type:landmark religious affiliation=Islam website=… …   Wikipedia

  • Cologne Central Mosque — Current state of construction of the Cologne Mosque Basic information Location Ehrenfeld, Cologne …   Wikipedia

  • Glasgow Central Mosque — Infobox religious building caption=Glasgow Central Mosque building name=Glasgow Central Mosque location=flagicon|Scotland Glasgow, Scotland geo= religious affiliation=Islam district=Gorbals website= architect= architecture type=Mosque… …   Wikipedia

  • Edinburgh Central Mosque — Infobox religious building caption=Main entrance to the mosque building name=Edinburgh Central Mosque location= Potterow, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK geo=coord|55|56|42|N|3|11|10|W|region:GB type:landmark religious affiliation=Islam website=… …   Wikipedia

  • Madrid Central Mosque — Abu Bakr Mosque Basic information Location Madrid …   Wikipedia

  • Birmingham Central Mosque — Zentralmoschee Birmingham Die Birmingham Central Mosque ist eine Moschee in Birmingham (England), betrieben durch den „Birmingham Mosque Trust“ und eines der größten Islamzentren in Europa. Bei Freitagsgebet sind regelmäßig zwischen 3.500 und… …   Deutsch Wikipedia

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